Saturday, December 28, 2019

Creating An Organizational Culture Of A Company - 1061 Words

As a way to foster collaboration, employees can utilize their strengths to build others up and also learn from the areas in which others may be stronger. Fostering collaboration can be effective when the leader has aligned the goals of the company with the strengths present among the employees. Employees are able to understand how important their contribution to the organization is and they can trust the skills of their coworkers as well. In the long-term, employees become more present and valuable to an organization because they are active in working towards the visions and goals of the company. Relationships among employees also improve because a mutual respect for how everyone contributes overall is acknowledged. Creating an†¦show more content†¦23). To be successful in developing a plan for growth, the organization must look at all employees, including those in leadership roles within the company. Leaders must be properly trained and experienced so that they are more ca pable to develop subordinates A leadership plan for the growth of this company is as follows: A. Honest Assessment 1. Communicate more effectively. a. Be honest about the state the organization is in. i. Any problematic areas or threats to employees. b. Addressing the need and readiness to change. 1. Conducting a company-wide to assess the issues present within the organization. a. Survey anonymously. b. Assess commonalities among data. c. Present results to employees. B. Safe Space 1. Provide a safe environment for employees. a. Allow employees the opportunity to address issues without recourse. b. Effectively consider the needs of employees. c. Honestly consider all suggestions and feedback. C. Claim Responsibility 1. Acknowledge where the company has fallen short. a. Present ideas and intent to address growth areas. 2. Be clear about the expectations of employees. a. Identify growth areas that will be focused on. D. Create an action plan. 1. Utilize input from employees. 2. Address how the plan aligns with the visions and goals of the organization. 3. Be clear about the direction and goals being worked towards. a. Inform employees of their role in the plan. b. Allow employees to choose

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Freedom of Habituation - 722 Words

Throughout our lives, many of us are presented with difficulties and experiences that shape who we are and what we believe in. Eventually, these characteristics solidify, becoming the guiding force in our decision making. Many may argue that this conditioning to a certain behavior takes away the freedom of choice; all decisions are a direct cause of our habituation. This assumption is false; every choice we make with regard to the characteristics we take upon ourselves, or rather personal virtues, is a free choice. We choose our responses to stimuli, and eventually this habituation allows us to act within a set of bounds conforming to our identity and gives us even greater freedom by releasing us from the pain of indecision. By acting in accordance with our set of personal virtues, not only is one free through their choices, but they are also happy. If these compiled virtues are the ultimate freedom, the main goal of a person should be to develop their character. â€Å"The good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, or if there are more kinds of virtue than one, in accordance with the best and most perfect kind.† (Nicomachean Ethics, 1.7) These virtues are achieved by constant interaction with society and any obstacles that present themselves. This interaction must be an activity of the mind; only through internal activity can one hope to further an internal change. â€Å"The expectations of life depend upon diligence the mechanic that would perfect his workShow MoreRelatedAristotle Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagesnation establish the character of government and depending on the goodness of the character formed a political structure either sinks or swims. What Aristotle is saying is that in order to put together a political system of maintained justice, freedom and order, society must start with the right materials. The â€Å"right materials† are young minds trained to pursue the virtues that comprise excellent adults. The sentence at the end of the first paragraph of book VIII of The Politics shows the valueRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness1582 Words   |  7 Pages and habituation of them (pg. 19-20). A virtue is a good act that is done with the right reasoning and intent. He says that when you do something virtuous and you repeat the action, it becomes second nature which means that it becomes easier to do good things. An example of this would be if you practice temperance, leading it to become instinct over time. I agree with this because when you perform good or virtuous deeds, it feels good and makes you happy. I also agree that the habituation of goodRead MoreAutomatism In The Rite Of Spring By Viktor Sklovsky1 089 Words   |  5 PagesViktor Shklovsky argued in his significant essay, â€Å"Art as Technique,† that the nature of our lives separates us from experience. This nature leads to the habituation of our perceptions and, thus, many aspects of our lives might go by unnoticed. Consequently, much of the beauty present in our lives might go overlooked. To combat habituation, Shklovsky believed art could restore our sensations and allow us to see this overlooked beauty. For art to restore our perceptions, however, it must make objectsRead MoreA Life Of Tranquility : The One For Me?1267 Words   |  6 Pagesneeded for happiness and survival instead of frivolous living, which would result in pain. According to Epicurus, happiness is the absence of physical pain and mental disturbances. Therefore, the best way for Christian to be happy would be to have freedom from pain and peace of mind. He would achieve this however, but living a prudent life. In living a life of prudence honor and justice, Epicurus would say that Christian would be able to live pleasantly. Mental disturbances, which also include theRead MoreHow I will Grow in Magnanimity1033 Words   |  4 Pages and then the power of the mind, heart, and will. I will then identify my personal freedom. I will strive to develop my personality and that of those around me. I will seek mentors that will give me advice and help me grow into a magnanimous person. I will set goals for my self and those around me aiming to achieve the maximum potential of perfection and greatness. I will also strive to grow with interior freedom and spirit. A good way to grow in magnanimity is to grow into the fullness of what GodRead MorePaper1475 Words   |  6 Pagesexperimental group received the TM program. Over a 3 month period, measurements were taken beforehand and after the period. The TM group measured improvement in stress syndrome, anxiety, alcohol use, employment status, insomnia, depression and GRS habituation to a stressful stimulus. The P-value ranged from 0.05 to .001 with the exception to the GRS where P .10, indicating that there was a need for either more subjects or more time. The p-value, in which â€Å"p† stands for probability, is a statisticalRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy And Ethics972 Words   |  4 Pages When someone famous like that writes his thoughts down on paper, and has great advice for you in your life, you tend to pay attention. In Aristotle’s papers, the Nicomachean Ethics: he defines virtue as â€Å"states of character acquired through habituation, through acting repeatedly in the way that a virtuous person would act, until virtuous action becomes second nature† (Aristotle, 1999). I love the way he defines it as being habitual, because we learn it. We don’t just have it from the start. Read MoreAristotle s Philosophy On Moral Virtue1274 Words   |  6 Pagesexcellence is concerned with pleasures and pains.† The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain are the main causes of moral actions, as pleasure can make men do good things and pain can dissuade them from doing bad things. Thus, a proper habituation entails making men feel pleasure and pain for the â€Å"right† reasons. But in Book III, Aristotle makes the claim that for an act to be morally good, it must be done so voluntarily. In this sense, a person can do the â€Å"right† thing, but if it is notRead MoreThe Political Landscape Of Venezuela1460 Words   |  6 PagesVenezuelan coup d à ©tat; a decision phase where the country s leaders decide in favor of democracy, such as the Venezuelan general elections of 1958 and the transition of power from t he interim military leader to the elected one; and finally a habituation phase where the country s leaders and the citizens learn from successful resolutions and put their faith into the new rules, such as Venezuela s establishment of a governing board after the 1958 coup d à ©tat to form a Democracy and hold electionsRead MoreThe Problem Of Social Media Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement of the BTRC further depicted that the social media platform has earned significant growth and enthusiastically the use of Facebook has risen. So, for sure, it witnesses that the socialization process is increasing in amazing way with the habituation of internet. For an instance, the Governmenthad banned Facebook and other online messaging and calling services in the country for 21 days citing security reasons last November. About 50 percent of Social Media users have bypassed the blocked and

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Argumentative and Persuasives Cloning is E Essay Example For Students

Argumentative and Persuasives Cloning is E Essay thically and Morally Wrong Cloning Argumentative Persuasive EssaysCloning is Ethically and Morally Wrong The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong. The cloning of any species, whether they be human or non-human, is ethically and morally wrong. Scientists and ethicists alike have debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively since 1997 when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly. No direct conclusions have been drawn, but compelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups. The following issues dealing with cloning and its ethical and moral implications will be addressed: cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cloned child, and that the cloning of non-human species subjects them to unethical or moral treatment for human needs. The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures. There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of sever abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive (Fact: Adler 1996). If those nuclei were human, the cellular body count would look like sheer carnage (Logic: Kluger 1997). Even Ian Wilmut, one of the scientists accredited with the cloning phenomenon at the Roslin Institute agrees, the more you interfere with reproduction, the more danger there is of things going wrong (Expert Opinion). The psychological effects of cloning are less obvious, but none the less, very plausible. In addition to physical harms, there! are worries about the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality. Many argue that cloning crates serious issues of identity and individuality and forces humans to consider the definition of self. Gilbert Meilaender commented on the importance of genetic uniqueness not only to the child but to the parent as well when he appeared before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission on March 13, 1997. He states that children begin with a kind of genetic independence of the parent. They replicate neither their father nor their mother. That is a reminder of the independence that the parent must eventually grant themTo lose even in principle this sense of the child as a gift will not be good for the children (Expert Opinion). Others look souly at the child, like philosopher Hans Jonas. He suggests that humans have an inherent right to ignorance or a quality of separateness. Hum! an cloning, in which there is a time gap between the beginning of the lives of the earlier and later twin, is fundamentally different from homozygous twins that are born at the same time and have a simultaneous beginning of their lives. Ignorance of the effect of ones genes on ones future is necessary for the spontaneous construction of life and self (Jonas 1974). Human cloning is obviously damaging to both the family of and the cloned child. It is harder to convince that non-human cloning is wrong and unethical, but it is just the same. The cloning of a non-human species subjects them to unethical treatment purely for human needs (Expert Opinion: Price 97). Western culture and tradition has long held the belief that the treatment of animals should be guided by different ethical standards than the treatment of humans. .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 , .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .postImageUrl , .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 , .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:hover , .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:visited , .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:active { border:0!important; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:active , .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02 .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4160fbf92dae87efa1c93d9fd1fd2b02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Character Analysis-Tell Tale Heart Essay Animals have been seen as non feeling and savage beasts since time began. Humans in general have no problem with seeing animals as objects to be used whenever it becomes necessary. But what would happen if humans started to use animals as body for growing human organs? Where is the line drawn between human and non human? If a primate was cloned so that it grew human lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart., what would it then be? What if we were to learn how to clone functioning brains and have them grow inside of chimps? Would non-human primates, such as a chimpanzee, who carried one or more human genes via transgenic technology, be defin ed as still a chimp, a human, a subhuman, or something else? If defined as human, would we have to give it rights of citizenship? And if humans were to carry non-human transgenic genes, would that alter our definitions and treatment of them(Deductive Logic: Kluger 1997)? Also, if the technology were to be so that scientists could transfer human genes into animals and vice-versa, that would heighten the danger of developing zoonoses, diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. It could create a world wide catastrophe that no one would be able to stop (Potential Risks). In conclusion, the ethical and moral implications of cloning are such that it would be wrong for the human race to support or advocate it. The sheer loss of life in both humans and non-humans is enough to prove that cloning would be a foolish endeavor, whatever the cause. Works Cited Kluger, Jeffery. Will we Follow the Sheep? Time Magazine. March 10, 1997 Vol. 149 No.10 The Cloning Controversy. Online Available http://www.sican.com/explorations. September 23, 1998. Ethics on Cloning: The issue at hand. Online Available http://www.time.com/cloning. September 24, 1998. National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Cloning Human Beings. Online Available http://bioethics. gov/pubs.html. September 24, 1998. Price, Joyce. Before There was Dolly, There Were Disasters: Scientists failed to disclose abnormalities. The Washington Times. March 11, 1997.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Inspector calls coursework Essay Example For Students

Inspector calls coursework Essay J.B. Priestly wrote an Inspector calls in 1945; it is, in my opinion a very impressive and influential piece of writing. In my essay I aim to explain how J.B. Priestly conveys his message in this play and I hope to back my statements up with evidence from the text. I feel, though, that to fully understand the text then first you need to know about the author so I will start with a short summarisation about J.B. Priestly. J.B. Priestly was born in 1894. From a very young age Priestly knew he wanted to be a writer but chose to take a different path rather than going to university as he believed he would learn more about the world away from study halls and lectures. Due to this choice it is safe to assume that J.B. Priestlys work is filled with real world experience and the views he portrays throughout the text of An Inspector Calls have been learned through personal experience rather than being told by others, as such his work is valuable and still relevant as it provides an insight into the minds of not only J.B. Priestly but of people of the time. After the 1st World War began Priestly joined the infantry. After the First World War had started Preistly joined the infantry and was almost killed on many occasions. His wartime experiences affected him greatly; his writing was greatly influenced by it. Throughout the play J.B. Priestly portrays a strong anti-war message and tried to change societys attitudes towards it, this is most likely due to his own experiences. Once the war was finished he got a degree from Cambridge University, he then moved to London to work as a freelance writer. He wrote over 50 plays and a lot of his work was groundbreaking and controversial, they included new ideas about parallel universes and strong political views. J.B. Priestly died in 1984. He was a socialist. An interesting fact about J.B. Priestly was that he actually turned down a knighthood, in the play the character of Mr. Birling is desperate to gain a knighthood, that particular character is a representation of capitalism and Britain. The fact that Priestly turned down a knight hood shows his politics and lack of enthusiasm and patriotism for the British government. As the play was strongly political this is important, Priestly used the play to help change Britain into a place more of his own politics and ideas by using it as propaganda. The play itself is centred on a family off well off people enjoying a cosy dinner to celebrate one of them becoming engaged. A police Inspector named Inspector Goole promptly arrives and shatters this cosy scene as his interrogation soon shows that each of these well of people have a secret which played a part in the suicide of this young working class girl. This plot obviously leaves plenty of room for interpretation and the characters and settings of the play give it an even deeper meaning that leaves much room for interpretation by learned students of the English language such as me. The language used in the play by the Birlings is pompous and makes them seem as thought they think they are better than everyone else. This would not endear them to the audience, as the play is socialist and aimed towards working class people. Mrs Birling constantly uses the I form to make herself seem more important even when the Inspector is revealing her involvement in the case, this makes her seem stupid and stubborn and does not endear her to the audience. There is a strong political message throughout the play. J.B. Priestly was a socialist and so believed that it was the job of the upper classes to look after and look out for the lower classes. He seems to have used many devices in the play to show his political views. One way is through his characters. He seems to have used Mr Birling to represent capitalism and he shows how he supports socialism by making Mr. Birling seem stupid and causing the audience to disagree with him, for example in his speech where he says: the titanic- she sails next week- forty-six thousand eight hundred tons- New York in five days- and every luxury- and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable the audience know the Titanic will sink and as Mr Birling says this it makes him a disagreeable character and makes him seem stupid. If it were said that he represents capitalism then it would make sense to say that it makes capitalism seem stupid. .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 , .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .postImageUrl , .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 , .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:hover , .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:visited , .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:active { border:0!important; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:active , .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38 .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6031ce406ed59c5f4129692e026e6c38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A handful of dust? EssayThe theme of politics stretches right throughout the play. The Inspectors battle with Mr Birling is symbolic of a battle between capitalism and socialism/communism. Even though the Inspector manages to show them that they all played a part in the death of Eva Smith most of them still refuse to accept any responsibility and dont change theyre ways. I feel that the final phone call is a final reminder that capitalism is wrong and supporting it is wrong.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

A Splendid Exchange Essay Example

A Splendid Exchange Paper Dennis BerkA. P. World Dr. Andrews Summer Assignment The accelerating pace of international trade is one of the most dominating, and important features, of contemporary life. Globalization is creating widespread changes for societies, economics, and governments. Since the invention of the steam engine, transportation and communication limits have faded away and, with the development of the Internet, practically disappeared. A case can be made for the proposition that trade, throughout history, has been the main engine for the development of the world as we know it today. In his book, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, William J. Bernstein makes this case. The main thesis of A Splendid Exchange by William J. Bernstein is to describe how, where, and why trade goes on in certain parts of the world, and how it affects completely different regions on Earth. Bernstein does this by using facts, details, and accounts of other economists and writers. A Splendid Exchange is not just about the trading of silk, tea, or coffee. It also speaks about the movement of diseases throughout the world. For example, when Christopher Columbus sailed the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria into the New World, disease quickly spread throughout the Americas, such as small pox. Obviously at the time the diseases made life miserable for many of the people living in the Americas, killing loved ones, friends, and family making it much more difficult for everyone to live. However, because the disease was spread, many people that now live in the Americas are immune to these diseases, including small pox. This is a classic example of the idea of natural selection, stating that only the fittest survive. We will write a custom essay sample on A Splendid Exchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Splendid Exchange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Splendid Exchange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bernstein writes about this again in his novel while talking about the plague that rampaged through the streets of cities in Europe during the Dark Ages. This plague killed off an enormous amount of the European population, but eventually Europeans grew immune to the disease and now many cities in Europe are prospering. A Splendid Exchange has greatly changed my view of history. It has shown me how important trade was and how difficult it used to be compared to now. Today, many people have cell phones and even more people have access to a elevision, radio, or the Internet, so, for example, if an event occurs in South Korea in less than an hour news stations all over the world are reporting about it and have analysts debate about it for hours. However, back in the 1000’s and 1100’s, if you were living in France, and an event occurs in China, there is a good chance that the person living in France would never know about it. Also, in the 1000’s or 1100’s if y ou were born in a village in England, unless you were a merchant, chances are that you would not go further than 50 miles in any direction from where you were born. Transportation in the 1000’s and 1100’s was limited to walking and sea travel. Sea travel was very dangerous, due to pirates and poorly made ships, so many Europeans didn’t risk it. Today, with the invention of the steam engine, automobile, and airplane to go from New York to California by plane takes only six hours, although you are traveling around 3000 feet. In today’s world it’s no big deal if you travel 3000 feet in one day, but in the 1000’s and 1100’s this was such a radical thought that no one had ever even wasted their time trying to think about it. William J. Bernstein asks many questions in his novel. One of them is how goods got from China to Rome. Bernstein answers this question by saying the trade was very slow, and the process went in stages. Bernstein describes how Chinese merchants sailed their ships down to Indochina and how the goods were exchanged by six different nations before reaching Rome. Obviously, this is a very long process, and the trade was only sped up by the invention of better ships, and eventually the airplane. Another question asked in A Splendid Exchange is what drove early man to trade? This question is answered by Bernstein stating that political stability was most important for man to want to trade, and he says that the technological innovations of land and sea transport are secondary. With political stability, nations are able to expand and then there is a sudden increase in demand for more goods, which can only be completed by trade. In A Splendid Exchange, the thing I was most surprised to learn about was the great impact that the Peloponnesian War had on trade. Greece’s city-states didn’t have the best soil to plant on before the Peloponnesian War, and certainly not after it. Because of all the battle that took place, much of Greece’s fertile land was destroyed. Because Greece now had less arable land, and less people to farm this land because of all the deaths during the Peloponnesian War, the city-states of Greece had to rely heavily on trade. Another thing I was surprised to learn about was how a country 1000s of miles away from another country can be the reason that country continues to live on. As an example, the Greeks could not grow wheat. Clearly, without wheat a country simply cannot prosper, as it is put into so many foods necessary for the body to properly function. In order for the Greeks to continue living, they would need to trade for wheat. As many countries of the Mediterranean did, Greece got its wheat from Egypt. Had the Egyptians not traded their wheat to Greece, it is very possible that Greece would have been conquered by another nation. It’s amazing how trade that went on centuries ago has affected the world as we know it today. In Bernstein’s novel, the thing I was most disappointed to learn about was Zaccaria opening the Strait of Gibraltar to plague ships. These plague ships eventually spread the black death. Had Zaccaria not opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the Black Death could’ve came in more methodically, allowing Europeans more time to prepare for it, as opposed to the Black Death being thrown onto the Europeans, thus giving them less time to prepare for it and try to stop the plague or evacuate from the cities. Because the housing in the cities of Europe during the Dark Ages were so tightly packed together, once one person got a disease it would spread almost instantaneously, and had there been more warning for the plague, actions could’ve been taken so that less people would have died. I enjoyed A Splendid Exchange by William J. Bernstein very much. The book has given me invaluable knowledge about the ancient world and how the ancient world has affected the modern world. Bernstein does a great job explaining how trade affects the entire world, and he backs it up with facts and quotes from economists and historians. Bernstein also shows how trade developed, starting with the trading of ancient Sumer all the way up to modern day trade and what this all means. I thought the novel was worthwhile, and so did many others because it won the Financial Times and Economist Best Book of the Year award. If I were having a discussion with a friend about A Splendid Exchange by William J. Bernstein, I would tell them that it completely changed my view of history. Bernstein’s novel has taught me many new things and has shown me how important trade is in today’s world. A Splendid Exchange really makes you think of how important events that occurred over 1000 years ago are today. The novel also describes how trade developed from not only adjacent countries trading, but how countries from different sides of the planet were able to trade. I absolutely would recommend this book to my friend because it teaches you so many things about world history and how important trade is. In Bernstein’s novel, he showed some preconceived biases. One of these biases is that Bernstein seems to favor protectionism and tariffs rather than free trade. In the chapter, The Triumph and Tragedy of Free Trade, Bernstein seems to speak more about the tragedies of free trade rather than the triumphs of it. This shows that Bernstein has a bias towards free trade and prefers tariffs and protectionism. In A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, by William J. Bernstein, he shows how and why certain things are today because of trade. Bernstein proves how trade from thousands of years ago has had an impact on today’s world. William J. Bernstein has shown that trade on one side of Earth affects the other side in many different ways. Bernstein also shows how natural selection played a big role in trading thousands of years ago. A Splendid Exchange has changed my view of history and my view on the importance of trade.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Breadmaking Essays

Fermantation Lab/Breadmaking Essays Fermantation Lab/Breadmaking Essay Fermantation Lab/Breadmaking Essay Fermentation Lab Introduction For bacteria and many single-celled protists fermentation is a common anaerobic pathway that the cells use to collect energy from carbohydrates to form ATP. The process for fermentation begins in the cytoplasm with a process called glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. When glycolysis is complete four ATP would be produced but the net yield would be two ATP taking into account the initial investment of two ATP. In the next stage of alcoholic fermentation the pyruvate splits itself into carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde. NADH is then taken from the acetaldehyde and ethanol is left. (Starr, Evers Starr, 2011) Bread making is an example of alcoholic fermentation, the yeast being the reason that the bread rising. As explained before the carbon dioxide molecules that are given off during the second stage of fermentation caused the dough to rise and the ethanol that was left bakes out of the bread. Methods and Materials In order to start this experiment we first needed to get two bowls and two spoons in order to have a control bowl and an experimental bowl. We then put the one cup of flour in the control bowl followed by all the other dry ingredients; three quarters of a tablespoon of sugar, one quarter of a tablespoon of salt, one and one quarter tablespoon of dehydrated milk, and one tablespoon of yeast. We then mixed that together and added one half tablespoon of margarine we mixed that while gradually mixing the one half cup of warm tap water. As we did before we then put one cup of flour in the experimental bowl followed by all the other dry ingredients; three quarters of a tablespoon of sugar, one quarter of a tablespoon of salt, and one tablespoon of yeast. We mixed that together and added one half tablespoon of margarine we mixed that while slowly mixing in the one half cup of warm tap water. In order to expedite the process of rising we took out a hot plate and heated it to one hundred and ninety degrees Celsius. We then put both the control and the experimental dough into two two-hundred milliliter beakers, labeled them, recorded how full they were when we started and covered the tops with plastic wrap. We then put the two beakers on the hot plate and watched them rise. The lab group decided that we would not test it for any certain amount of time; we would heat it until one of the beakers had two hundred milliliters of dough in it. Finally we recorded the end results and cleaned up our lab station. Results In this experiment while both of the experimental and control dough rose, the experimental dough rose faster and had more than the control dough, the difference is illustrated in that data section with table one and graph one. The plastic wrap rose while on both the beakers while the dough was rising. The dough at the bottom of the beakers turned a toasty brown color. Summary The experiment this week was meant to show fermentations and all the factors that could influence it. While the dough did rise on both the doughs, it proved my hypothesis wrong; I thought that reducing the milk in the dough would reduce the rate at which the bread would rise and reduce how much it did rise. We watched the dough until it reached the two-hundred milliliter mark and that took about twenty-five minutes. Looking back on what we did I do realize that there were some mistakes that could affect the outcome, while fermentation did happen it could have an effect at what rate and how much the dough rose. First of all we probably had that hot plates set to a temperature that was too high, this conclusion came due to the fact that that dough at the bottom of the beakers was toasty looking. This could mean that we were actually killing off the yeast instead of quickening the process of fermentation. Milk contains bacteria normally and that is why we used dry milk to cut down on the bacteria and enzymes. The water also could have been too warm for the control dough causing it not to rise as much. Though the dough did rise more without the milk, I am unsure of the cause. It could be a number of reasons why the dough without milk rose more than the dough with milk rose more though it appeared when they had the plastic wrap on them they had the same amount of carbon dioxide. In all it shows that while not using the milk in dough did effect fermentation. References Starr, C. , Evers, C. A. , Starr, L. , (2011) Biology: Concepts and Applications. Belmont: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. Data Table 1 Started Stopped Difference Control dough 125 mL 177 mL 52 mL Experimental dough 140 mL 202 mL 62 mL

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Achieving and Sustaining Growth at Lenovo Research Paper

Achieving and Sustaining Growth at Lenovo - Research Paper Example The Company has ranked behind only two companies – Hewlett Packard and Dell in profitability for 2006. However, customer perception of the Company does not appear good on certain issues such as installation, after sales service and availability of credit, based on a survey conducted as a part of this research effort. Lenovo must improve on these aspects, as well as build upon its success factors in order to sustain its current levels of growth. Japan, the United States and Europe represented the majority of global production and sales of computers and related products during the 2000s. One division of the computer industry is Personal Computers – which are systems with inbred processing facilities embedded in one silicon chip, and these computers are primarily intended for single users. Personal computers first appeared in the 1970s with Apple II being introduced in 1977. IBM PCs became competitive in 1981. (Snapshot). The two major types of personal Computers are PC and Macs, which are Personal Computers manufactured by the Apple Company. In the computer industry, Japan and the United States were the largest supercomputer manufacturers. Mainframe sales dropped in the 1980s and 1990s due to the development of client/server technology, with mid-range systems developing in the 1990s. With increasing sales, IBM and Hewlett Packard emerged as the major players and Hewlett Packard’s partnership with Intel has facilitated its growth in the marketplace (Snapshot). With an increase in globalization, smaller, cheaper, standardized systems like PCs have been gaining popularity. In an effort to improve sales volumes and reduce costs, PC companies have been entering into networking arrangements with other companies to share research and development costs. One example is that of Microsoft and Intel that worked together to develop the Net-PC and NEC’s PC operations with Packard Bell, forming a new venture known as Packard Bell-NEC (Snapshot).  Ã‚  

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Memphis City school system & Shelby county school system a Term Paper

Memphis City school system & Shelby county school system a consolidated school system for or aganist - Term Paper Example School consolidation has been visualized as a means to resolve various rural issues. However, the application of this concept has also resulted in many potential complications along with solving issues, as discussed in this paper. Public perception of consolidation: Early educationalists, policy makers and reformers consented that unionization of schools was the fundamental requirement of the industrialized society. Their mutual consensus led them to speak in favor of the formulation of a centralized and increasingly urban educational model (Kay, Hargood, and Russell, 1982). However, not many parents in the present age favor the practice. This is because they want their children to be given due attention by the mentors, and want the educational environment to be conducive for good learning and academic growth of the children. My personal perception of consolidation: I personally am against the consolidated school system as it adversely affects the educational system and the learnersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ tendency to gain knowledge. People today are highly conscious and possessive about the quality of education their children are provided with in schools. Consolidated school systems crowd the classes with students. ... People generally hold a view that if the charter gets surrendered, it would consolidate Memphis City School and Shelby County School into one unit. Shelby County School has been running a successful academic record and has been managing and administering its system rationally. On the other hand, the Memphis City School is currently going through a crisis. Memphians have to pay a lot of tax, and the record is not up to the mark. The following SWOT analysis depicts the potential consequences of this consolidation. SWOT analysis of the consolidated school system: Strengths: Memphians may see a relief from the double taxation, who have to pay the taxes first for the county and secondly for the city. The City would find a relief from the payment for Memphis City School. MCS would hence, be able to save $78 million every year (Memphis, 2011). Weaknesses: MCS has a poorer record as compared to SCS. It might have to compromise upon many decisions that SCS would propose because of its inferio rity. There is likelihood of emotional distress in the Memphis students because of this union. Opportunity: Memphis schoolchildren would have equal opportunity of education as enjoyed by other schoolchildren that live in suburbs. The kids will have facilities as per their individualistic needs irrespective of their place in city or the county. The consolidation would keep the Shelby County School from acquiring the district status of a special school. If SCS acquires that status, it would separate the Memphis students from those in the suburbs and also, reduce tax base for the Memphis City School, which would potentially raise the tax for taxpayers in Memphis. The consolidation would prevent that from happening. Threats: There is an increased likelihood of frequent encounters

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 14

1 - Essay Example More importantly, immigration had a significant impact on cultural identity for the Chinese family struggling to make a living in an American culture. Therefore, since this engaging story was systematically written by an immigrant, Tan, who uses her experiences and that of her mother to explain real life situations, makes this story a magnificent piece of writing. Globalization has merged the world into one small global village eliciting the need for accommodating cultural diversity. The case of Tan moving from a Chinese cultural background to an American culture provides a good example of cultural integration. Cultural background determines the language we speak, how we speak it as well as expectations from others. More importantly, cultural beliefs are best reflected through language as people communicate. For instance, whereas Tan may shake hands and bow down as a show of respect, an American might not understand the meaning. Moving into a new cultural territory, like Tan’s family did when they moved to America, presents a myriad of challenges not only cultural difference but in communication as well. In this story, Tan places an emphasis on the theme of alienation and discrimination, through focusing on the various prejudices that she and her mother went through as a result of language imperfection. For instance, Tan shows how her mother has for long been looked down due to the fact that she spoke â€Å"limited† or â€Å"simple† English, most of which quite ironically could be understood by most people (Tan 59). Moreover, Tan also shows how her mother is a victim of prejudice by explaining how doctors had presumably said that her CAT scan results could not be found. But later, when Tan arrives and talks in perfect English, the doctors admit that the scan results would be found and offers apologies for any sufferings that her mother had

Friday, November 15, 2019

Investment Appraisal Reading

Investment Appraisal Reading Section 1 Introduction 1.1 This report is an investment appraisal for the property Pink Plaza. Pink Plaza is a 17 year old six storey office building located in the centre of Reading. 1.2 The report includes both a short and long term appraisal of Pink Plaza. The short term appraisal assumes a five year holding period, whilst the long term appraisal assumes a major refurbishment of the whole building after the lease expiry of the ground and first floors (from March 2019). In each scenario an investment value for Pink Plaza has been calculated. 1.3 Pink Plaza was constructed as prime office space in 1989. It is located in Reading town centre and is in close proximity to the mainline railway station. The property is a six storey office block currently let to 4 different tenants. Each storey has a gross internal area of 34,432 sq ft, of which 31,204 sq ft is useable office space. The property has never been refurbished. Section 2 Reading Office Market 2.1 Reading is an established regional commercial centre, located approximately 40 miles west of central London, and 4 miles north of junctions 10, 11 and 12 of the M4 Motorway. The town has good rail, road and air links. 2.2 In terms of employment 9% of the Reading workforce is employed in financial intermediation compared to 4.7% in England and Wales. 2.2 The Reading office market benefited particularly from the rapid growth of high-tech industries in the 1990s. However 2000 saw rapid consolidation in this sector of the market with the sudden end of the â€Å"Dot Com† boom. As a result take-up of office space in Reading fell significantly. Since then take-up has gradually begun to improve with 2005 seeing the highest Reading town centre office take-up (107,331 sq ft) since 2001. 2.3 With the end of the â€Å"Dot Com† boom the Reading office market saw a considerable increase in the amount of surplus office space available. Since then the market has stabilised with the amount of available office space still high but the lack of occupier demand putting developers off building any new speculative office developments. Office supply in the town centre now stands at 761,109 sq ft (2004: 809,647 sq ft). Section 3 Reading Rental Values 3.1 Recent deals on Grade A space suggest that prime market rents in Reading town centre are  £23- £25 per sq ft. This can be seen with Apex Plaza (Barclays Bank plc) achieving a rent of  £23.50 per sq ft, Davidson House (Lloyds TSB) achieving a rent of  £24 per sq ft and Abbey Gardens (Huntswood Ltd) achieving a rent of  £25 per sq ft. Therefore within this appraisal it will be assumed that a prime market rent within Reading is currently  £24 per sq ft. The current rental value of Pink Plaza is estimated to be  £20.90 per sq ft. This figure is based on rental evidence from four comparable properties. 3.2 Apex Plaza -3.2.1 Apex Plaza is a landmark office building in central Reading. It consists of four linked office buildings totalling approximately 205,000 sq ft. -3.2.2 It was originally built in 1989, and is located in a prime position next to Reading railway station. In 2004 Apex Plaza underwent a  £2 million re-fit. -3.2.4 On 2 October 2006 Barclays Bank plc took 6148 sq ft of office space within Apex Plaza on a 14-year lease at  £23.50 per sq ft. -3.2.5 Apex Plaza is a very good comparable property with similarities in size, location and age. However due to the fact that it underwent a re-fit in 2004 its rental value of approximately  £23.50 per sq ft will be higher than that of Pink Plaza. 3.3 Aquis House -3.3.1 Aquis House is a 5 storey office property of approximately 50,000 sq ft. The property is located directly opposite the railway station in the centre of Reading. -3.3.2 The property is on the site of the former Reading central post and sorting office and was redeveloped in 1994. -3.3.3 On 1 May 2006 Horwath Clark Whitehill took 9815 sq ft of second-floor office space on a 7-year lease at  £21 per sq ft. -3.3.4 Aquis House is a good comparable property due to its similarity in terms of location. The property was redeveloped in 1994, five years after Pink Plaza was built, and therefore its rental value of approximately  £21 per sq ft will be higher than that of Pink Plaza. 3.4 Minerva House -3.4.1 Minerva House is located in central Reading. It comprises of office accommodation arranged over 5 floors totalling approximately 59,200 sq ft. -3.4.2 The property was originally built in 1987 and now requires a major refurbishment. -3.4.3 On 1 July 2005 Provecta Car Plan Ltd took 465 sq m of office space on a new three year FRI lease at  £17 per sq ft. -3.4.4 Despite similarities in terms of age and location the property currently requires major refurbishment. It can therefore be concluded that Pink Plaza would command a higher rental value. 3.5 Abbey Gate -3.5.1 Abbey Gate was constructed in 1986 and comprises of a headquarter specification office building arranged over the ground and three upper floors together with storage space on the fourth floor, totalling approximately 44,203 sq ft. -3.5.2 The property is reasonably centrally located with Reading railway station approximately 0.6 miles away. -3.5.3 On 4 November 2005 an undisclosed tenant took 13,117 sq ft of third floor office space on a sublease expiring in May 2010 at  £20.80 per sq ft. -3.5.4 Abbey Gate is three years older than Pink Plaza and is less centrally located. Pink Plaza would therefore be expected to command a higher rental value. 3.6 Conclusion From looking at evidence from four comparable properties it is possible to establish a current rental value for Pink Plaza. Its rental value appears to be between  £20.80 and  £21 per sq ft. It has therefore been concluded that the current rental value for Pink Plaza is approximately  £20.90 per sq ft. From this estimate it can be concluded that Pink Plaza is currently over rented as passing rents in the building range from approximately  £22 per sq ft up to  £28 per sq ft. Section 4 Rental Growth 4.1 Office rental growth The Investment Property Forum forecasts rental growth for all offices between 2006 and 2010 to be approximately 4.5% pa. 4.2 Depreciation 4.2.1 Depreciation has been defined as â€Å"the rate of decline in rental/capital value of an asset (or group of assets) over time relative to the asset (or group of assets) valued as a new contemporary specification.† (Law, 2004) 4.2.2 There have been a number of previous studies of the impact of depreciation on real estate, particularly in the UK. Law (2004) analysed all of these studies and found that the seemingly consistent results were an illusion as they all used a variety of measurement methods and data. 4.2.3 The figure used for depreciation in this report is based on findings from the Investment Property Forum report, ‘Depreciation in Commercial Property Markets (2005). 4.2.4 It must be highlighted that results are complicated by the period of analysis that the report uses, with analysis starting in the aftermath of the major U.K. real estate recession of the early 1990s. 4.2.5 The report, using a 19 year sample, from 1984 to 2003, establishes office rental depreciation to be approximately 1.0%. 4.3 Conclusion 4.3.1 From these findings the assumed net rental growth rate used in this appraisal will be 3.47%. 4.3.2 This figure is established using the following formula: -Net rental growth rate = ((1 + Rental Growth) / (1 + Depreciation)) -1 = ((1 + 4.5%) / (1 + 1.0%)) -1 = 3.47% Section 5 Reading Office Yields 5.1 In the second quarter of 2006 it has been reported that in the Thames Valley prime yields are just below 5% net initial yield (NIY). Within Reading prime yields appear to be higher than this figure. This can be seen in the example of Prudential Campus, 121 Kings Road: 5.2 Prudential Campus, 121 Kings Road -121 Kings Road is located in central Reading. It comprises of office accommodation arranged in three linked blocks with five floors totalling approximately 179,929 sq ft. The property was completed in 1992 and was formerly Huntley Palmer factory. -On 9 August 2006 Oppenheim Property Fund Management purchased the freehold interest from IM Properties plc for  £66 million, as an investment, reflecting a NIY yield of 6.17% and an ARY of 7.22%. 5.3 Using figures from the CBRE UK Prime Rent and Yield Index it can be seen that there has been a steady compression of yield levels in the South East office sector and in the overall national office sector since 2004. Graph 1 below demonstrates this. Graph 1 5.4 This yield compression can be linked to the strong investor demand for U.K. property that has been seen during this period. Direct property has performed extremely well during this period and once again 2006 sees direct property outperforming gilts and equities. 5.5 Despite continued investor demand for U.K property, latest forecasts predict that yield compression in the office sector will gradually slow. But higher levels of rental value growth over the next few years will provide valuable support to maintain current yield levels. 5.6 This report has forecasted an ARY for a refurbished Pink Plaza of 6.75%. This figure is based upon current prime ARY comparables and by forecasting an ARY trend line using the CBRE UK Prime Rent and Yield Index. 5.7 Clearly the unrefurbished Pink Plaza cannot expect to achieve such a low yield as an equivalent prime (new or refurbished) property in Reading. There are a number of comparables that can be used when forecasting an ARY for an unrefurbished Pink Plaza. 5.8 Minerva House -Minerva House is located in central Reading. It comprises of office accommodation arranged over 5 floors totalling approximately 59,200 sq ft. The property requires major refurbishment. -On 10 June 2006 Schroders plc purchased the freehold interest from Miller Developments Ltd for  £12 million, as an investment, reflecting a NIY of 6.75% and an ARY of 8.0%. 5.9 Reading Bridge House -Reading Bridge House is located in central Reading. It comprises of office accommodation arranged over 9 floors totalling approximately 114,960 sq ft. The property was built in 1975 and was refurbished in 1986, since then no further work has been carried out. -On 1 December 2006 Jones Lang LaSalle Limited purchased the freehold interest from Exemplar Properties Limited for  £30 million reflecting a net initial yield of 6.40% and an ARY of 7.65%. 5.10 Added to this comparable evidence it is forecasted that in the Thames Valley office sector investors will continue to chase well-located, rack-rented stock with a significant percentage seeking active management and refurbishment/development opportunities. Therefore it is likely that there will be continued yield compression for properties that match these characteristics such as Pink Plaza. 5.11 The ARY for Pink Plaza unrefurbished is estimated to be 7.75%; this is based upon comparable evidence and forecasted information. Section 6 Building Costs 6.1 The BCIS provide current estimate building costs for office refurbishment. Unfortunately the BCIS only provide estimate figures for (a) 3-5 storey and (b) 6+ storey buildings. Pink Plaza is a 6 storey building. Within this appraisal the figures provided for a 3-5 storey building will be of greater accuracy and would be more appropriate to use than those of a 6+ storey building. The BCIS estimates that it currently costs  £37.64 per sq ft to refurbish an office building of 3-5 storeys. This figure is a mean average and may differ significantly from the actual cost of refurbishing Pink Plaza. 6.2 The building will be available for refurbishment in March 2019, the refurbishment will take up to two years (including sale period) and therefore the building cost is inflated over a 14 year period. The assumed growth rate is 5.84%. This figure is an average of the building cost inflation forecast for 2006 to 2011. Section 7 Other Costs 7.1 The management cost of this property is calculated as 1% pa of the value of the rental income. 7.2 The cost of rent review is assumed to be 4% of the new annual rent at each review. 7.3 The cost of purchase is assumed to be 5.75% of the purchase price. 7.4 The cost of sale is assumed to be 2.5% of the sale price. Section 8 Target Rate of Return 8.1 The Target Rate of Return (TRR) is 3% above the rate on a medium term Government bond. 8.2 The current rate on a medium term Government bond is currently 5.09%. 8.3 TRR= Risk Free Return + Risk Premium = 5.09% + 3% = 8.09% Section 9 Pink Plaza- Lease Considerations 9.1 It has been reported that during 2005, in the U.K office market, 26% of expired leases were renewed. 9.2 In terms of occupiers exercising break clauses it has been reported that in the office sector the propensity to break for over rented units is 61%. More detailed analysis has shown that it was tenants in larger office units that have been taking advantage of the option to exercise their breaks. 9.3 The standard void rate for South East offices is approximately 14 months. Within this report it has been assumed to be 15 months. This is due to the high supply of office space that exists within Reading (See 2.3) in comparison to other areas within the South East region. 9.4 In the U.K office sector the tenant default rate was 0.6%. 9.5 Large Financial Institution A occupies a net usable space of 62,408 sq ft on the ground and first floors of Pink Plaza. They currently pay  £1,750,000 pa which works out as  £28.04 per sq ft. Their thirty year lease began in March 1989 and provides for upwards only rent reviews (UORRs) every 5 years. There are no breaks. Therefore it is assumed that the space will be occupied until March 2019. 9.6 A Major Bank occupies a net usable space of 62,408 sq ft on the second and third floors. They currently pay  £1,750,000 pa which works out at  £28.04 per square foot. Their twenty-five year lease began in March 1990 and provides for UORRs every five years. There is a break at years ten and twenty. It has been assumed within this report that the Bank will exercise its break clause in March 2010. This is due to the fact that the property is currently over rented and that it has been found that tenants in larger office units are more likely to exercise their break clauses. There will then be a void period for five quarters until it is re-let for the current market rent on a seven year lease. It has been assumed that this lease will have an UORR in year five, and will expire in June 2018 with the occupiers then vacating the premises ready for the refurbishment in March 2019. 9.7 Large Financial Institution B occupies a net usable space of 31,204 sq ft on the fourth floor. They currently pay  £775,000 pa which works out at  £24.84 per sq ft. Their ten year lease began in December 2000 and provides for UORRs every 5 years. There are no breaks. It is assumed that the accommodation will be occupied until December 2010. It has then been assumed that the space will remain vacant for five quarters until it is re-let for the current market rent. The new lease will be a seven year lease with a UORR in year five. The lease will expire in March 2019 with the occupiers vacating the premises in time for the planned refurbishment. 9.8 Large Solicitors occupies a net usable space of 31204 sq ft on the fifth floor. They currently pay  £700,000 pa which works out as  £22.43 per sq ft. Their fifteen year lease began in March 1998 and provides for UORRs every 5 years. There is an opportunity to break at year ten. The company has just recently laid off 10% of its staff. It has been assumed that the solicitors will exercise their break in March 2008 due to the property being over rented and the fact that they are downsizing. It has then been assumed that the space will remain vacant for five quarters until it is re-let for the current market rent. The new lease will be a nine year lease with a UORR in year five. The lease will expire in June 2018 with the occupiers vacating the premises for the planned refurbishment. Section 10 Summary 10.1 Based upon the specific requirements set out in the clients instructions and the figures that have been forecasted within this report, a short term investment appraisal of Pink Plaza estimates an investment value of  £66,859,450. Therefore if the client, based on their current requirements, decided to purchase Pink Plaza as a short term investment with an assumed five year holding period their maximum offer should be equal to this figure. 10.2 The long term investment appraisal estimates an investment value for Pink Plaza of  £70,129,034. This assumes a 15 year holding period with a major refurbishment planned after the lease expiry of the ground and first floor in March 2019. Therefore if a long term strategy is adopted for Pink Plaza the clients maximum offer should be equal to this figure. 10.3 It should be noted that these figures do not include any purchase costs which are currently estimated to be 5.75% of the purchase price. 10.3 Many of the figures used in this investment appraisal are based upon short-term forecasts and current comparables. Forecasting 15 years in advance on the basis of this data is problematic. Therefore close attention should be paid to the Reading business market in relation to the wider office market. Current trends suggest that Reading will maintain its position as a key location for business services. Constraints on town centre supply will also favour growth in this sub-market and with Pink Plazas prime location in Reading there is reason for optimism.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Alcohol Misuse Among Minors In The UK :: essays research papers

The law in this country states that it is illegal for anyone under 18 years to consume alcohol or to work in licensed premises; to buy alcohol or to have it bought for them anywhere. Those over 16 may drink a small amount with a meal in a specially allocated area, but beyond that they face arrest and prosecution.In spite of this the law is frequently broken. Following the example of adults, for whom alcohol is the most used drug, several surveys show that children try alcohol. 68% of boys and 54% of girls (in the UK) appear to have tried it by the age of thirteen. The majority may not drink to excess but many have already experimented with the effects of intoxication. The young do not seem to know the dangers and public houses frequently hold discos which attract them in. Stewards find it difficult to assess who is below the age limit. The increase in consumption expected when the price of alcohol falls is bound to include youngsters. the serious implications of this must be faced, not least because drug abuse is closely linked to alcohol abuse.Clearly the law has a role to play. The police must be encouraged to enforce age limits, and, if necessary, licensing hours should be restricted. Unfortunately, this may inconvenience legitimate drinkers and deprive landlords of potential legal business. Having extra police and stewards may be useless since 16 year olds are not easy to pick out anymore. One solution offered by the Portman Group is the identification card system whereby only 18 year old will carry age identification cards. This should help, but even one of the director involved admits it is only a contribution.The alternative lies in education. Adults can help by example and by de-glamorising alcohol. Children can be taught about the risks to health and to performance, about the chances of being involved in violence or serious accidents and the dependency which lands many in hospital wards.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Green Mountain

Running head: Turnover Problem Green Mountain Resort (Dis)solves the Turnover Problem Introduction The beautiful Green Mountain Resort was a doomed business from the beginning. As the developer failed, the investment bank took it over to fix it up and resell it to at least get their money from it. However, they fell in love with it and made the decision to create a first class operation. The manager and part owner Gunter had a vision of the first class resort. The one thing that was halting this vision was the problem he faced with turnover.The resort was located in the poorest area of the state. That being said, it is hard to find and keep good help when there is little to choose from. When he did find some great help they quickly moved on for better opportunities, because he just did not have much more than entry level positions being a small business. So the problem he faces is what the turnover creates. Gunter cannot expect to provide outstanding service as he seems to be constan tly in training mode.The great employees that he wants to have on staff end up leaving for more opportunity. Case Questions Change Images used by each Gunter’s change image was that of a coach. The image or reputation of Green Mountain became that of being an excellent place to obtain training to advance one’s career. Gunter mentors those that provide outstanding service and helps them to become even better. The hospitality literature’s change image was that of the navigator.It described the turnover as a chronic problem and that something needed to be done to stop the turnover or the resort would fail. The consultant’s change image was that of the interpreter. He helped Gunter to see the turnover issue as a possible positive instead of a negative. Now the resort attracts and helps develop further highly motivated people which is a win win for both Gunter and the recruits. Assumptions and prescriptions from each Each of the assumptions influenced the pres criptions for dealing with the turnover problem.Gunter started out as a nurturer and he looked at the turnover as a problem and tried several things to help stop it, but nothing he did worked. When he became the coach and started mentoring he viewed the problem differently and now he was known for jumpstarting careers. The hospitality literature was the navigator and saw the turnover as a problem that needed to be solved. Some ways to do that were to streamline training, simplify the job and don’t depend on any employees. There was a way to fix it and it was to make things easier.The consultant was the interpreter, a different view of the problem. How can the turnover be an asset, he helped Gunter to find the positive side of a problem. â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame† The conclusions we draw from the statement â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame, then this will take us away from thinking about what is going on from an alternative perspecti ve† are if we only a view a problem from one angle, another could be there but our minds are closed to any new possibilities.If we view a problem from different angles, like Gunter did after the consultant brought it up, then there may be alternatives to a problem and that problem could become an asset. References Palmer, I, Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Prospective Approach. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. /Irwin.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Leo Burnett †Advertising Pioneer. Marketing Strategies Research Paper (300 Level Course)

Leo Burnett – Advertising Pioneer. Marketing Strategies Research Paper (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Leo Burnett Advertising Pioneer. Marketing Strategies Research Paper (300 Level Course) In the middle of the great depression a man named Leo Burnett started an advertising company named the Leo Burnett Company. It began in Chicago’s Palmer House Hotel in 1935. The Leo Burnett Company started with only enough people to sit around a card table in the loby of the hotel. The company had three clients one, which was the Green Giant, which remains a client today. Leo Burnett only has two offices in the United States; its headquarters in Chicago and the other only other American office in New York, New York. Leo Burnett offers brand team approaches to each client. This capacity gives each client the feeling that they are the only client Leo Burnett has to worry about. Each brand team has four representatives from the company and they are account management, creative service, planning, media, and production. The executive officers are as follows: Linda Wolf, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Leo Burnett Worldwide, Robert Brennan, President, Leo Burnett Worldwide, Stephen Gatfield Chief Operating Officer, Leo Burnett Worldwide, Kerry M. Rubie, ViceChairman, Leo Brunett Client Services Worldwide, David Winclechter Chief Financial Officer, Leo Burnett Worldwide. Leo Burnett possesses an impressive client list such as Kodak, Philip Morris, the U.S. Army, Sara Lee, Polaroid, and the U.S. Postal service. Leo Burnett helped bring the Marlboro Man to life and to help America â€Å"Be all the We Can be.† Leo Burnett can be summoned up with this quote â€Å"Reaching for the stars, seeking big, enduring ideas to build our clients’ business is, and will continue to be what Leo Burnett is all about.† The product I chose from Leo Burnett was the Philip Morris Marlboro Man ad campaign. I think this is one of the greatest ad campaigns ever. The image of the western landscape, the rugged cowboy is the embodiment of the Marlboro Man and Marlboro Country. Philip Morris has gone from being a little known cigarette producer in the 1950s to the leading tobacco manufacturer and seller in as little as twenty years. In 1975, Marlboro was named top selling brand in the United States and the all-time best-seller in the world(PM History 20). That is a huge feat, however, that feat did not come without its challenges. Philip Morris and its competitors have had an uphill battle in the 1990s with the pressing tobacco lawsuits. Since this up hill battle has begun with the lawsuits and governmental pressures PM has made its marketing more responsible and its mission statements more and more about the adult smoker who chooses to smoke. The mission of PM is to be the most responsible , effective and respected developer, manufacturer and marketer or consumer products, especially products intended for adults. Our core business is manufacturing and marketing the best quality tobacco products to adults who choose to use them.(www.pmusa.com) Philip Morris U.S.A. is committed to acting responsibly in marketing its tobacco products to adults who choose to smoke. We demonstrate this commitment by implementing all of out marketing programs in compliance with both the letter and the spirit of the laws, rules, policies and restrictions that govern our business practices. The following describes some of the key elements that govern and guide our marketing practices.(www.pmusa.com) Both of these statements are reactions to the lawsuits and settlement from the Masters Settlement Agreement. In November 1998, the nations leading cigarette manufacturers, including Philip Morris, signed the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with the Attorneys Generals of 46 states and 5 territories. The MSA, along with earlier agreements with Mississippi, Florida, Texas, and Minnesota, has forever changed the way tobacco products are advertised, marketed and promoted in the United States. In total, the tobacco settlement agreement will provide over $200 billion to the States over 25 years. The tobacco settlement agreement is more than a financial agreement between the tobacco industry and the states, however. It addresses many of the fundamental controversies that have marked the tobacco wars for decades: youth smoking, corporate accountability for a risky, albeit legal, consumer product, and creating the kind of meaningful change that governments and the public health community have sought. The tobacco settlement agreement has fundamentally changed cigarette marketing and has placed the marketing and lobbying activities of the tobacco industry under a new level of state government scrutiny and restrictions. This document highlights specific provisions of the agreement that you may not be aware of. It is a summary of some of the provisions of the Master Settlement Agreement. Some elements are subject to further exceptions or qualifications specified in the Agreement. This summary is not intended to alter, interpret or supersede any of the terms of the Agreement. The full text of the agreement is available in the Tobacco Settlement Documents section on the National Association of Attorneys General website at www.naag.org.(www.pmusa.com) Philip Morris is now limited in the opportunities it has in reaching its clients in the USA. Philip Morris now does mostly mail campaigns because of the lawsuits and its Anti-Youth Smoking Campaign. In the February 6, 2002 issue of AdAge there is an article that tells how PM has stopped buying magazine ads. This could signal a near withdraw of the industries from the last refuge in mass media. The Marlboro Man left the television screen in 1971, and left the billboards in 1999 as part of the MSA settlement with states attorneys general. The Marlboro Man, was Advertising Age’s top ad icon of the 20 century. Him riding out of magazines is an estimated $114.7 million dollar lost in an already staggering economy. However, this cutback by PM could give the competition, mainly, RJR the fuel to turn that marginal Marlboro smoker to a Camel smoker. Since PM is the industry leader it has the luxury to pull back from the magazine ads, where its competitors RJR, Joe Camel, and B ritish American Tobacco’s Brown Williamson Tobacco Corp., can not afford to take their name out of the public eye. Marlboro. You get a lot to like, filter, flavor, flip-top box. Where theres a mantheres a Marlboro-with a filter that delivers a smoke of surprising mildness. Better makins. MarlboroMore flavorMore filterMore cigarette. If you think flavor went out when filters came in-Try Marlboro. Make yourself comfortable-Have a Marlboro Marlboro. Why dont you settle back and have a full flavored smoke Settle Back. You get a lot to like here in Marlboro Country. Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country. Marlboro. A Western landscape, a rugged cowboy and the color red have come to embody years of advertising tag lines for Philip Morris Marlboro cigarettes. These three elements, combined or separate, are recognizable as the American call to Marlboro Country even without the brand name, sales pitch or slogan. The geometric box and aesthetically pleading symmetry is the Marlboro call. No matter where you are or what you are doing when you see a Marlboro Cigarette you feel as if you are in the beautiful wild west again living the American way. When observing the Marlboro Man ads, they take you to Marlboro Country where it is an a fresh, healthy, natural attitude portrayed in these cigarette advertisements that appeal to everyone, smokers, nonsmokers, men, women, old and young. These ads are so great and suck in the viewer that one forgets that they are for cigarettes. These ads use great creative tactics. The life style shown in these ads is of the proud hard working American Cowboy. That is sexy and rugged. Then the Marlboro Country music is fantastic. The music is familiar and comforting and once again the consumer forgets that the ad is for cigarettes. Since PM has stopped all television, radio, and magazine productions of the Marlboro Man the main medium now used for advertising is direct mail campaigns. The direct mail campaigns are used because of the decision PM made to stop buying magazine ads and the result of the Master’s Settlement. The Marlboro Man’s target audience is the strong, outdoor, indepenent man, the person who tinks for himself, lives his own life, does his own thing. (The Worlds Greatest Brands, New York; John WileySons, 1992) This man has been and still is the major selling point for this cigarette. This strategy has lead to the Marlboro Man to be used in almost 150 countries around the globe. Marlboro sells the idea of being independent and hardworking. Research Papers on Leo Burnett - Advertising Pioneer. Marketing Strategies Research Paper (300 Level Course)Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanDefinition of Export QuotasThree Concepts of PsychodynamicUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Understanding Developmental Psychology

Understanding Developmental Psychology Introduction With the increasing social, environmental and economic complexity in the world, there is need to understand developmental psychology. This paper recaps the highlights of the proposed research study.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Developmental Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By bringing out the application and benefits of psychology, this paper argues that developmental psychology need to be addressed in various developmental programs. It begins by defining developmental psychology; then it examines some of the application of developmental psychology in life and completes by reviewing the benefits of developmental psychology. Definition of developmental psychology In this section, the study will review some of definition of developmental psychology then incorporate these definition into one common definition. The study will base on Cooker-Greauter’s (2004) description of developmental psychology as a horizontal development and vertical development. According to him, horizontal development is a gradual accumulation of new knowledge and skills. It happens without universal overview of changes or people making meaning. Vertical development consists of the literal transformation of people’s perception of reality. As Kegan (2002) notes, as individual learns to think and look, they experience a â€Å"quantitative shift in the very shape of the window or lens† (p.148) from the universal perspective. Variables such as worldviews, stages of development, level of consciousness, logical actions and organizing principals are used as a measure to understand how people make meaning (McCauley et al., 2006, p.636).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Application of developmental psychology in life Development psychology can be used to explain ho w leaders and managers interact with their environmental setting and their logical actions thus having a significant implication for leadership and management theories. Mainly, developmental psychology provides the most granular view to date how managers and leaders think and behave with respect to complex changing environment. Given the difficulty of societal, environmental and economic challenges faced in the world, there is an increasing need to develop capable leaders to help lead humanity into sustainable future. Therefore, considerable work using developmental psychology need to be addressed in developmental programs for tomorrow leaders. Besides the development of leaders, this section will examine some of the written literatures on different application of developmental psychology. The aim of this is to understand how developmental psychology can be applied in different life dimensions. Benefits of developmental psychology This section of the proposed study will basically fo cus on benefit of personal growth and development as a concept in developmental psychology. When people make a meaningful structural growth, they emerge into a new and improved capabilities. Developmental stages unfold into concrete, logical, invariant sequence from birth to adulthood. Each successive stage surpasses and incorporates the previous phase. The movement is often likened to an ever-widening spiral development (McCauley et al., 2006, p.636). In other words, people do not regress. Once a developmental order is constructed, the previous order loses its developmental functions yet remains as a considered perspective. People’s developmental stage influence how people notice and become aware of things and henceforth, what they define, reflect on, express, alter and impact (McCauley et al., 2006, p.636).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Developmental Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Cairns, R. B. (1992). The making of a developmental science: the contribution and intellectual heritage of James Mark Baldwin. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 1-21. Colman, A. M. (2009). A dictionary of psychology (3rd ed.). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. Cooker-Greuter, S.R. (2004). Making the case for a developmental perspective. Industrial and Commercial Training, 36(7), 270-280. Kochanska, G. (2002). Committed compliance, moral self, and internalization: a mediational model. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 339-351. McCauley, C.D., Drath, W.H., Palus, C.J., O’Connor, P.M.G., Baker, B.A. (2006). The use of constructive developmental theory to advance the understanding of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 629-640. Nielsen, M. (2006). Copying actions and copying outcomes: Social learning through the second year. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 555-565. Riggs, N. R., Jahromi, L. B., Razza, R. P., Dillworth-Bart, J. E., Mueller, U. (2006). Ex ecutive function and the promotion of social-emotional competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 300-309.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Decidious Forest Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decidious Forest - Research Paper Example They are also found in southwest eastern China, Japan, and Russia. Middle East coast of Paraguay and Chile have the largest areas of deciduous forests in South America (Archibold, 1995). (Picture showing location of deciduous forest around the globe) The most significant and common characteristic of these regions is that they all have seasonal changes in temperature and rainfall. The outcome of this is that the tree acquires a special shape so that they can adapt to endure these changes in the environment during the year. The mean temperature in this forest goes up to 50 degree Fahrenheit. The rainfall is also average and ranges between thirty and sixty inches in a year. With the transformation in season, the color of leaves of the deciduous forest also changes (Nagle, 2009). For example, during the month of winter, there is scarcity of water and therefore the leaves can not stay alive. Hence, the leaves start falling off from the plants. But with the advent of spring, the leaves sta rt growing back again. Some plants like evergreens retain their leaves during winter season also. They adapt to the winter and stay alive. There are several species of trees in a deciduous forest their variety depending upon the region they are located in. They generally include species like walnut, hickory, linden, sweet gum, oak, maple, beech, chestnut, and elm. The deciduous forests are further divided into five distinct zones. The Tree Stratum zone is the first zone. In this zone, one would find trees for example oak, beech, maple, chestnut hickory, and elm, basswood, linden, walnut, and sweet gum trees. The zone has a variable height that is from 60 to 100 feet. The second zone consists of sapling and small trees. As the name suggests, the trees here are young and smaller in size. The third zone is known as the shrub zone. Some of the popular shrubs found in this zone are rhododendrons, azaleas, mountain laurel, and huckleberries. The fourth zone is called the Herb zone. As the name indicates, it has very short plants like herbal plants. The fifth and final zone is called Ground zone. It consists of lichen, club mosses, and true mosses (MacMillan, 2003). The number of unlike seasons in the deciduous forests are four in all starting from spring, summer, autumn, and winter. While autumn seasons sees leaves changing their color, in the winter, the tress shed their leaves altogether. Dog Wood Leaves Fringe Leaf Ginkgo Leaves Deciduous forests can survive the extreme seasons of climatic change. They grow in those regions where you get plenty of rainfall, which is necessary for the growth of trees. The rainfall in the moderate deciduous forest is spread out around the whole year. But winter is the season of cold and therefore, everything freezes around and nothing is available to animals for feeding. Therefore, animals living in this region adapt themselves to the extreme cold winter and also hot season of summer (MacMillan, 2003). As leaves start falling in wi nter, there is not much of a cover available to the animals to save themselves from the vagaries of nature. The deciduous forests have animals whose pictures are shown below:- Black bear Fox Brown bear Animals use a special technique of adaptation by hibernating in the winter season and living off what ever is available in the other three seasons. The animals try out the plants and see if

Friday, November 1, 2019

Entrepreneurship Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurship Theory - Essay Example 2010, pg 90) Functions/applications of theory Theories are used for several purposes. Different researchers and authors from different organize them and describe them differently. The following are the various functions of theory. Decision Making Theories usually help leaders in making decisions by giving those views from different perspectives. An administrator is able to compare the observations against theories that they have combined and synthesized, using the experience of others (Hisrich, Robert. 2011, pg 184). An educational leader can use his knowledge of theories when his interpretation of the facts of a given situation limits him to overcome this by gaining a wider perspective and re-examining the information available in the context. Predicting Behaviour Using theories, educational leaders are able to predict the outcomes of their decisions. They are able to examine relevant theories and ideas that they have, to know the reactions and outcomes they expect from certain acti ons or policies. For example, a school leader can use the theory of planned behaviour to decide if it is worthwhile to provide professional development to a team of teachers struggling in the English department. In order to determine whether a person has an intention to involve himself in a specific behaviour, the theory of planned behaviour considers his attitudes and perceived abilities (Gasparski et al. 2010, pg 45). Using the observations of the teacher’s attitudes and self-efficacy, a principal is able to know whether the teachers are likely to adapt the new teaching behaviours they learn in from the expensive training (Hisrich, Robert. 2011, pg 130). Organizational Control Leaders can communicate more clearly and maintain more consistent focus and message using theories as models. They can discuss the objectives of their organization using unambiguous terminologies. Educational administrators use theories to shape their personal leadership and communication styles and b enefit from the expertise of others while comparing themselves. Future Functions Policy makers provide succinct explanation, evidence and solutions for a given problem using theories. Theories usually provide ideals or models on which to base initiatives. In addition, when a theory does not exist, or it is not adequate to address the matter in hand, the models provided by theory assists the researcher in educational administration by revealing the needed areas of research. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship necessarily involves the task of sensing opportunities and innovating products and services. The concept of entrepreneurship was first established in the 1700s, and the concept has been evolving. It is mostly equated with one-person business. However, economists believe it is more than that. To some economists, the entrepreneur is a person who initiates a business idea, and he is willing to bear the risk of implementing his idea if there is a possibility of making profits (Baron & Robert.2012, pg 115). An entrepreneur’s role is also emphasized as an innovator who markets his own innovation. Other economists suggest that entrepreneurs develop new goods or processes that are currently not being provided/supplied in the market. In the 20th century, economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) focused on how change can be created by the entrepreneur’s drive for innovation and improvement (Gasparski et al.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Do media in China enjoy more autonomy today Essay

Do media in China enjoy more autonomy today - Essay Example ile in many democracies, in the west, and the press is free to criticize the government without fears of reprisals, this is still a dream to the Chinese media. The CDP (Communist Partys Central Propaganda Department) is the main body charged with the censoring of all information be it on TV print or even the internet. In retrospect, the Chinese press may have enjoyed a degree of freedom in the past, today the communist government is tightening the leash against the media in an attempt to control the information that filers to the public. This is according to observers from both inside and outside China; interviewed by Deutsche Welle Wolfgang BÃ ¼ttner said that freedom of the press has taken a turn for the worse in the recent past (Blau, 2012). Herein, some of the problems that are experienced by the Chinese media (inclusive of online media) are examined with the conclusion entailing a projection of whether the situation is likely to change in the near future. One of the main courses of these increased clampdowns could be the revolutions in Egypt and Syria which were instigated from a social medial platform. The Chinese government fears that its citizens may attempt the same after an online appeal to the Chinese to follow suit (Bennett, 2011). The Chinese constitution requires that any online company should be ready to co-operate with the state in apprehending those who leak state secrets, however, the definition of state secrete is rather vague. Conveniently, this could be any information the government deems a threat to its economy or reputation, whether true or not. In 2010, the government launched its first white paper that requires for everyone using the internet in China, including foreign correspondents should adhere to the laws of China in what is commonly known as media sovereignty (Bennett, 2011). In view of the harsh economic times and the corruption that seems to be etching itself in government circles, the party is aware that the Chinese people might

Monday, October 28, 2019

Maternal Stress and the Effects of Childhood Development Essay Example for Free

Maternal Stress and the Effects of Childhood Development Essay In conducting my research on developmental studies, I had the chance to review many academic journals with many different studies. I chose to read, â€Å"The Role of Prenatal Maternal Stress in Child Development,† by Janet A.DiPietro in the, Current Directions in Psychological Science journal. The title of the study itself does identify the independent and dependent variable. The independent variable is the effect of stress, and the dependent variable is the child’s development. In reading the introduction, I learned that throughout history people have thought that the emotions and experiences of a pregnant woman impinge on her developing fetus. (DiPietro, 2004) I also learned that there are no direct neural connections between the mother and fetus. (DiPietro, 2004) The journal went on to describe the physiological processes involved in mother to fetus bio-chemical and hormonal functions. The main studies used in determining theoretical explanations throughout history, have been in animal studies. According to DiPietro (2004), â€Å"the most compelling evidence between maternal physiological functioning and later development in offspring is found in animal studies.† (p. 1). The hypothesis of this study suggests that maternal stressors are more far-reaching on child behavior than previously suspected. (DiPietro, 2004). The main way that this hypothesis has been studied is by utilizing animal research. In a series of studies done with rhesus monkeys, when the mothers were exposed to loud noises throughout pregnancy, the offspring showed delayed motor development and reduced attention. (DiPietro, 2004) It does seem that most of the studies conducted on animals have reported negative consequences. Although reports of either no effects or beneficial ones make it clear that much is left to be learned about the specific characteristics of stressors that either accelerate or retard development. (DiPietro, 2004) The subjects used in the methods section were humans. Although, according to the article, this is difficult to study in the human because of the physiological differences during the pregnancies of the different species, and the fact that researchers are unable to control events that transpire after birth in humans. (DiPietro, 2004) Therefore, there are no graphs, charts or statistical measures seen in this article. There were several methods used to analyze the data in this article. One was the survey. Surveys were done with mothers who had witnessed a catastrophic even such as the World Trade Center disaster, or an earthquake. Although the study was able to show that the mother was indeed stressed during pregnancy, there was no study conducted on the outcome of the child. (DiPietro, 2004) Another method had mothers report about their stress incurred during pregnancy, and then an observer and not a parent rated the infant’s behavior. The article suggests that even the resulting information in this study may be skewed, because the studies relied on the Mother’s reports of their children’s problems. It finally became apparent through this study that the only way for the researchers to examine the effects of stressors on the fetus was to subject women to a non-invasive stressor and then measure fetal response. (DiPietro, 2004) They gave these women a standardized test called the, Stroop Color-Word Test. (DiPietro, 2004) The test caused the women to feel cognitively challenged, therefore inducing increased physiological responses in mother, but interestingly, not in the fetus. Fetal motor activity was actually suppressed, according to the study. (DiPietro, 2004) The final results of the study showed that higher maternal anxiety midway through pregnancy were strongly associated with better motor and mental development scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. (DiPietro, 2004) Interestingly, the research conducted on humans, showed that the effects on the developing child are opposite of the effects on animals. The article ends with this statement, â€Å" Too much or too little stress may impede development, but a moderate level may be formative or optimal. It seems that there is really too little research on this area of study to come to a conclusion. I found this study to be very interesting and relevant to today’s issues within society, and especially the question of nature versus nurture. It makes me think about children who are displaying such violent behaviors such as shooting their classmates and parents. It makes me ask the question of what was going on in the mother’s environment during pregnancy? Did she have an easy, stress free, supported pregnancy, or was there fighting and unrest during the pregnancy? Could factors such as these affect the child and develop into what we label as sociopathic? It would be interesting to conduct a study of pregnant women in a prison setting versus pregnant women in an ideal pregnancy situation, and to study the offspring from birth to five years old. Would the affects of the pregnant woman in prison create certain developmental issues in the children? Does it even matter? These questions and many more within the psychology realm are what make this a fascinating discipline to study. It truly is the nature of ourselves that we get to ask questions about, and find the deeper, hidden meanings. References DiPietro, J. A. (2004, April). The role of prenatal maternal stress in child development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 71-74. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20182913

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Othello - Manipulation To Gain Power :: essays research papers

Othello: Manipulation To Gain Power     Manipulation is a very powerful word. People use this tactic everyday to get what they want in life. By deceiving people or tricking them into seeing a certain point of view, people gain power. To skillfully use the power of manipulation a person must use another person's weaknesses. By using a person's emotions against them, they can be manipulated with ease. In Shakespeare's Othello, the character of Iago uses these tactics almost to perfection to achieve his goals. 	The first scene of Act I illustrates Iago's use of manipulation. Iago knows that Roderigo is upset about losing Desdemona to Othello. Iago himself is angry at Othello for being passed over for promotion to lieutenant for Michael Cassio. Realizing that by playing on Roderigo's jealousy he can gain an ally to work against Othello. Iago does this in a subtle manner. He explains to Roderigo that he was passed up for promotion by Othello. While doing this he makes Othello look inferior by reinforcing the fact that he is a Moor. By pointing out that Othello is a Moor Iago causes Roderigo to become even more jealous, because of the fact that he lost Desdemona to someone who he feels is of a lesser race. It even seems that Iago is toying with Roderigo when he reveals that he is a fraud when he says, "I am not what I am." (I.i.62) By using these tactics, Iago has almost gained total control of Roderigo. 	Iago uses a different tactic to manipulate Brabantio. He changes Brabantio's way of looking at the marriage of his daughter Desdemona to Othello. He awakes Brabantio by saying "Awake! What, ho, Brabantio! Thieves! Thieves! Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags! Thieves! Thieves!" (I.i.76-78) By saying this, Iago shows a new perspective to Brabantio by insinuating that Othello has stolen his daughter. Iago reinforces this when he say's, 		Zounds, sir, y'are robbed! For shame. Put on your gown! 		Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul. 		Even now, now, very now, an old black ram 		Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! 		Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, 		Or else the devil will make you a grandsire of you. 		Arise, I say! (I.i.83-89) After hearing Iago speak, Brabantio has had his eyes open to a new perspective of the situation. Iago then begins to uses a new manipulative strategy, he starts using bestiality to describe Othello.